Thus, the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion was developed. Other theorists, however, doubted that the physiological arousal that occurs with different types of emotions is distinct enough to result in the wide variety of emotions that we experience. Furthermore, different arousal patterns would be associated with different feelings. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, you would only experience a feeling of fear after this physiological arousal had taken place. If you were to encounter some threat in your environment, like a venomous snake in your backyard, your sympathetic nervous system would initiate significant physiological arousal, which would make your heart race and increase your respiration rate. Recall what you have learned about the sympathetic nervous system and our fight or flight response when threatened. The James-Lange theory of emotion asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal. Over time, several different theories of emotion, shown in Figure 2, have been proposed to explain how the various components of emotion interact with one another. Therefore, different people may have different emotional experiences even when faced with similar circumstances. These appraisals are informed by our experiences, backgrounds, and cultures. Together, these are known as the components of emotion.
Our emotional states are combinations of physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experiences. (credit a: modification of work by Kerry Ceszyk credit b: modification of work by Kerry Ceszyk) Figure 1: Toddlers can cycle through emotions quickly, being (a) extremely happy one moment and (b) extremely sad the next. This section closes with a discussion of the ubiquitous nature of facial expressions of emotion and our abilities to recognize those expressions in others. This section will outline some of the most well-known theories explaining our emotional experience and provide insight into the biological bases of emotion. We might feel angry when we are betrayed, fear when we are threatened, and surprised when something unexpected happens. We can be at the heights of joy or in the depths of despair. Here we will focus on emotion, and you will learn more about mood in the chapter that covers psychological disorders. Mood states may not be consciously recognized and do not carry the intentionality that is associated with emotion (Beedie, Terry, Lane, & Devonport, 2011).
Mood, on the other hand, refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience. Emotions are often thought to be consciously experienced and intentional. Typically, the word emotion indicates a subjective, affective state that is relatively intense and that occurs in response to something we experience (Figure 10.20). The words emotion and mood are sometimes used interchangeably, but psychologists use these words to refer to two different things.
Compare and contrast the the Cannon-Bard, James-Lange, Schachter-Singer two-factor, and other theories of emotio.
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